化工过程本质安全性之模糊评价系统

在综合分析化工过程构成的基础上,建立的化工过程本质安全性评价指标,借鉴国内外本质安全评价的研究,应用Matlab模糊推理系统,以评价指标的等级划分、隶属度函数设计及推理规则设定等为主线,建立化工过程本质安全性模糊评价系统,实现评价指标和评价推理结果的可视化。通过甲苯高温加氢脱烷烃制取苯的工艺过程,实施不同工艺路线及其操作条件改变的本质安全性评价,验证了所建立模糊评价系统的可行性。研究结果对指导化工安全设计和安全评价、减少和消除重大危险源,进一步提升我国化工行业的整体安全水平具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

印染污水集中预处理的工程设计与应用研究

绍兴实施印染产业集聚升级工程,印染产业集聚区内的污水进行统一收集集中预处理.为此新建印染污水集中预处理工程,污水处理采用“物化+生化”工艺,物化工艺采取常规的混凝沉淀法,生化工艺采用活性污泥法——生物倍增工艺,生化池采用集曝气与沉淀于一体的池型.建成投产后,根据进厂水质和水量特点,通过调试运行,排查分析设备设施的运行特点,并采取相应措施,确保处理出水水质达到设计要求的(GB 8978-96)《污水综合排放标准》中其他排污单位应符合的三级标准.     

可持续发展定量研究的几种新方法评介

可持续发展衡量的指标体系及其评价方法和模型研究是可持续发展研究的重要内容，它可以为政府的可持续发展决策提供重要的科学依据和优先考虑的问题，还可以为公众提供可持续发展的有效信息。在分析国际上和国内衡量可持续发展的指标体系的基础上，本文介绍了９０年代中期以来国际上提出的几种新的、有代表性的基于货币化估值的指标体系和以具体生物物理衡量的指标体系，并系统分析比较了它们的优特点。     

Environmental accounting as a management tool in the Mediterranean context: the Spanish economy during the last 20 years

Although human presence is one of the main characteristics of the Mediterranean identity since ancient times, a false dialectic between conservation and social-economic development has emerged in recent decades. On the one hand, an economic growth policy is taken as the paradigm of social-economic development; on the other hand, there is a multi-scale conservation policy, in which natural protected areas, as patches of preserved nature, are used as one of the main tools to deal with the challenge of sustainability. The Mediterranean Basin is the habitat of many unique species and one of the 25 main biodiversity hotspots in the world, and as a consequence a strong conservation policy has been used to protect environmental values. At the same time, Mediterranean countries are deeply involved in promoting strong economic growth policies, which are not always compatible with environmental ones. In this paper, Spain has been studied as one model of this situation. Due to political reasons, Spanish economic growth and conservationist policies were pursued together during the last 20 years. As a result, Spain owns one of the largest networks of natural protected areas in Western Europe, and at the same time it has experienced one of the strongest periods of economic growths in the European and Mediterranean context during the 1980s and 1990s. An historical series of resource use in five annual periods in the last 20 years of conservation policy, and the effects on the preservation of natural capital have been investigated by means of the eMergy (spelled with an 'm') synthesis approach, which was used to characterize the flow of environmental services supplied by ecosystems, but not in monetary terms. This study shows that Spain is becoming less self-sufficient and more inefficient in resource use, comprehensively measured in eMergy terms. A large part of Spain's economy depends on imported goods and services, and most economic activities are based on tourist services and associated construction, which promotes intensification in the urban use of the territory and more intense environmental impacts and resource use intensification of those countries supplying the raw materials. The consequence is a decoupling of the Spanish economy from local environmental services and the increase of Ecological footprint of Spain, measured by means of eMergy-based indicators. In spite of the increase in number, area and associated budget of the natural protected areas and other conservation measures, the general sustainability of the nation is decreasing.     

Neighbourhood perceptions among inner-city adolescents: Relationships with their individual characteristics and with independently assessed neighbourhood conditions

We investigated relationships between adolescents’ perceptions of their neighbourhood, their mental health and independently assessed indicators of conditions in their residential neighbourhood. The Research with East London Adolescents Community Health Survey (RELACHS) provided information for 2370 adolescents on area perceptions (specifically alienation from/attachment to the area and satisfaction/dissatisfaction with local amenities and services), and on individual and family attributes including mental distress (measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire). These were combined for this study with independently assessed small area geographical indicators proposed by government to measure local deprivation in England. A Bayesian regression analysis using Gibbs sampling investigated associations between the predictor variables and neighbourhood perception. Alienation from neighbourhood and dissatisfaction with local amenities was greater for girls than for boys and for the older adolescents sampled. Those of ‘Asian’ or ‘Black’ ethnicity, from relatively harmonious families, or with higher levels of social support were less likely to express negative area perceptions. While previously published research found no significant direct association between mental health and small area indicators, this analysis suggests that those with relatively high levels of distress did have worse area perceptions. Also, certain independently assessed area indicators were associated with adolescents’ views of their neighbourhood.     

Externalities of Fugitive Dust

It is known that fugitive dust can cause human health and environmental problems, alone or in combination with other air pollutants. These problems are referred to as ‘external costs’ that have been traditionally ignored. However, there is a growing interest towards quantifying externalities to assist policy and decision-making. With this in mind, the present study aimed at discussing the environmental regulations that deal with fugitive dust, the impact of fugitive dust on human health and global climate system, and the available methods for calculating fugitive dust externalities. The damage cost associated with human health and global environmental problems was predicted based on the environmental strategy priority model. The damage cost estimated by the model ranged from 40 to 374 EUR/kg of emitted fugitive dust with a mean value of 120 EUR/kg of emitted fugitive dust. It was also found that PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ have contributed to about 60% and 36% of the estimated damage cost, respectively. The remaining 4% was attributed to both nitrate and sulfate aerosols.     

Sustainability science: an ecohealth perspective

Sustainability science is emerging as a transdisciplinary effort to come to grips with the much-needed symbiosis between human activity and the environment. While there is recognition that conventional economic growth must yield to policies that foster sustainable development, this has not yet occurred on any broad scale. Rather, there is clear evidence that the Earth’s ecosystems and landscapes continue to degrade as a consequence of the cumulative impact of human activities. Taking an ecohealth approach to sustainability science provides a unique perspective on both the goals and the means to achieve sustainability. The goals should be the restoration of full functionality to the Earth’s ecosystems and landscapes, as measured by the key indicators of health: resilience, organization, vitality (productivity), and the absence of ecosystem distress syndrome. The means should be the coordinated (spatially and temporally) efforts to modify human behaviors to reduce cumulative stress impacts. Achieving ecosystem health should become the cornerstone of sustainability policy—for healthy ecosystems are the essential precondition for achieving sustainable livelihoods, human health, and many other societal objectives, as reflected in the Millennium Development Goals.     

基于环境会计视角的分散式污水再生利用工程综合评价研究

为促进分散式污水再生利用工程的快速发展,提出了基于环境会计视角的分散式污水再生利用工程综合评价体系及模型,通过采用模糊综合评价模型对西安某高校分散式污水再生利用工程进行分析,得出的结论是,该类项目具有较好的经济效益,同时又可改善环境,促进社会的可持续发展。     

机场运行安全规划中安全指标体系的构建

通过对机场运行安全规划中安全指标体系定位的分析,遵循可接受、可实施、可量化、可调控的原则,以结果和过程管理思想为指导,结合风险管理理论,构建机场运行安全规划中的安全指标体系。这个体系包括3个子体系,它们分别涉及运行安全的结果、运行安全的业务过程和运行安全管理绩效3个方面。其中,有关运行安全结果的子指标体系包括事故、事故征候、其他不安全事件3个维度11项指标;有关运行安全业务过程的子指标体系包括飞行区管理、机坪运行管理等7个维度20项指标;有关安全管理绩效的子指标体系包括安全政策与目标、风险管理等4个维度7项指标。